Anonymous (used as a
mass noun) is a loosely associated
hacktivist group. It originated in 2003 on the
imageboard 4chan, representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an
anarchic, digitized
global brain.
[4] It is also generally considered to be a blanket term for members of certain Internet subcultures, a way to refer to the actions of people in an environment where their actual identities are not known.
[5] It strongly opposes
Internet censorship and surveillance, and has hacked various government websites. It has also targeted major security corporations.
[6][7][8] Its members can be distinguished in public by the wearing of
Guy Fawkes masks.
In its early form, the concept has been adopted by a decentralized online community acting
anonymously in a coordinated manner, usually toward a loosely self-agreed goal, and primarily
focused on entertainment. Beginning with 2008, the Anonymous collective has become increasingly associated with collaborative, international
hacktivism. They undertook protests and other actions in retaliation against anti-
digital piracy campaigns by motion picture and recording industry trade associations.
[9][10] Actions credited to "Anonymous" are undertaken by unidentified individuals who apply the Anonymous label to themselves as attribution.
[11] Some analysts have praised Anonymous as the freedom fighters of the internet,
[12] and a digital Robin Hood,
[13] although others have condemned them as "anarchic cyber-guerrillas".
[14]
Although not necessarily tied to a single online entity, many websites are strongly associated with Anonymous. This includes notable
imageboardssuch as
4chan, their associated
wikis,
Encyclopædia Dramatica, and a number of
forums. After a series of controversial, widely publicized protests,
distributed denial of service (DDoS) and
website defacement attacks by Anonymous in 2008, incidents linked to its cadre members have increased.
[15] In consideration of its capabilities, Anonymous has been posited by
CNN to be one of the three major successors to
WikiLeaks.
[16] In 2012, American magazine
Time named Anonymous as one of the most influential groups of people in the world.
[17]
Background
Origins as a concept and a meme
A member holding an Anonymous flier at Occupy Wall Street, a protest that the group actively supported, September 17, 2011
The name Anonymous itself is inspired by the perceived anonymity under which users post images and comments on the Internet. Usage of the term Anonymous in the sense of a shared identity began on
imageboards. A tag of Anonymous is assigned to visitors who leave comments without identifying the originator of the posted content. Users of imageboards sometimes jokingly acted as if Anonymous were a real person. As the popularity of imageboards increased, the idea of Anonymous as a collective of unnamed individuals became an
internet meme.
[18]
“ | We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.' | ” |
|
Definitions tend to emphasize the fact that the concept, and by extension the collective of users, cannot be readily encompassed by a simple definition. Instead it is often defined by
aphorismsdescribing perceived qualities.
[4] One self-description, originating from a protest video targeted at the Church of Scientology, is:
We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.
[20]
Iconography and aesthetics
| This section requires expansion with: information on Anonymous subcultural elements; common images, themes, concepts, etc. (February 2011) |
As a
cyberculture, Anonymous aesthetics are based in various forms of
shock humor, including genres of
cringe,
surreal, and
black comedy. Many people affiliated with Anonymous associate with the Guy Fawkes mask, either at protests, or within images spread online.
[19]
Overview
“ | [Anonymous is] the first Internet-basedsuperconsciousness. Anonymous is a group, in the sense that a flock of birds is a group. How do you know they're a group? Because they're traveling in the same direction. At any given moment, more birds could join, leave, peel off in another direction entirely. | ” |
|
Anonymous has no leader or controlling party and relies on the collective power of its individual participants acting in such a way that the net effect benefits the group.
[23] "Anyone who wants to can be Anonymous and work toward a set of goals..." a member of Anonymous explained to the
Baltimore City Paper. "We have this agenda that we all agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition. We just want to get something that we feel is important done..."
[4]
A statement attributed to a member of Anonymous has described Anonymous as containing every belief and lifestyle, and that the views of "the loudest" of Anonymous aren't necessarily the views of the rest of Anonymous.
[26] Anonymous members have previously collaborated with hacker group
LulzSec.
Membership
It is impossible to 'join' Anonymous, as there is no leadership, no ranking, and no single means of communication. Anonymous is spread over many mediums and languages, with membership being achieved simply by wishing to join.
[27]
Commander X and the People's Liberation Front
A person known as Commander X provides interviews and videos about Anonymous.
[28] He said that "we are not a terrorist organization".
[citation needed]In 2011, he was at the center of an investigation into Anonymous by Aaron Barr, who claimed to have identified him as a San Francisco gardener. Interviewed following the
attack on HBGary Federal, Commander X revealed that while Barr suspected that he was a leader of the group, he was in his own words a "peon". However, Commander X did claim to be a skilled hacker and founding member of an allied organization, the
Peoples Liberation Front (PLF). According to Commander X, Peoples Liberation Front, a collective of hactivists founded in 1985, acted with AnonOps, another sub-group of Anonymous, to carry out denial-of-service attacks against government websites in Tunisia, Iran, Egypt, and Bahrain. Explaining the relationship between Anonymous and the PLF, he suggested an analogy to
NATO, with the PLF being a smaller sub-group that could choose to opt in or out of a specific project. "AnonOps and the PLF are both capable of creating huge "Internet armies". The main difference is Anon Ops moves with huge force, but very slowly because of their decision making process. The PLF moves with great speed, like a scalpel."
[29] On September 23, 2011, a homeless man in California named Christopher Doyon was arrested, under charges that he participated online as a part of a group called "PLF", and as "Anonymous".
[30]He pleaded not guilty to charges.
[31]
Low Orbit Ion Cannon
The Low Orbit Ion Cannon is a network stress testing application that has been used by Anonymous to accomplish its DDOS attacks. Individual users download the LOIC and voluntarily contribute their computer to a bot net. This bot net is then directed against the target by AnonOps.
[32] Joining the bot net and volunteering one's resources for the use of the group is thus one way of being a "member," a concept that is otherwise hard to define.
Activities
Protest actions
The Pirate Bay
In April 2009, after
The Pirate Bay co-defendants were found guilty of facilitating extensive copyright infringement "in a commercial and organized form", Anonymous launched a coordinated DDoS attack against the
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), an organisation responsible for safeguarding recording artists' rights.
[33] When co-founders lost their appeal against convictions for encouraging piracy, Anonymous again targeted the IFPI, labelling them "parasites". A statement read: "We will continue to attack those who embrace censorship. You will not be able to hide your ludicrous ways to control us."
[34][35]
Megaupload
SOPA
With the
Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) protests only a day old, it was claimed that internet users were "by-and-far ready to defend an open Internet".
[37] Brown told RT that the Department of Justice website was shut down only 70 minutes after the start of the attack. Days later many of the sites were still down or slow to load. The attack disabled a number of websites, including those belonging to the Justice Department, the FBI, Universal Music Group, the
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), and Broadcast Music, Inc.
[37] "Even without SOPA having been passed yet, the federal government always had tremendous power to do some of the things that they want to do. So if this is what can occur without SOPA being passed, imagine what can occur after SOPA is passed," Brown commented.
[37] Although the actions of Anonymous received support, some commentators argued that the denial of service attack risked damaging the anti-SOPA case.
[38][39][40]
The attack included a new, sophisticated method whereby internet users who clicked on links placed in chat rooms and on Twitter participated, some without their knowledge, in a denial of service attack, thereby breaking existing US law. Anonymous used "
Low Orbit Ion Cannon" (LOIC) to attack supporters of SOPA on January 19, 2012. Anonymous claimed this to be their largest attack with over 5,635 people participating in the DDoS attack via LOIC.
[41] LOIC was utilized by many attackers, despite the fact that a network firewall could easily filter out network traffic it generates, thus rendering it only partly effective. In addition, LOIC attacks were easily identified in system logs, making it possible to trace the attacker's IP address and allowing arrests to be made by these law enforcement agencies.
Kony
Anonymous has described the Kony 2012 campaign by Invisible Children as "propaganda". Although they support the campaign against Kony, they felt that the campaign is mainly a scam.
[42]
Government websites
Anonymous claimed responsibility for taking down government websites in the UK in April 2012 in protest against government extradition and surveillance policies. A message was left on Twitter saying it was "for your draconian surveillance proposals".
[43]
Occupy movement
Anonymous activists merged with
Occupy Wall Street protesters. Anonymous members descended on New York's Zucotti Park and organized it partly. After it became known that some Occupy protesters would get violent, Anonymous used social networking to urge Occupy protesters to avoid disorder. Anonymous used Twitter trends to keep protests peaceful.
[44]
A similar protest occurred outside the London Stock Exchange in early May 2012 during a May Day Occupy protest.
[45]
Wanted criminals
Alleged Internet predator Chris Forcand, 53, was charged with child sexual and firearm offenses.
[46] A newspaper report stated that Forcand was already being tracked by "cyber-
vigilantes before police investigations commenced.
[47] A
television report identified a "self-described Internet vigilante group called Anonymous" who contacted the police after some members were "propositioned" by Forcand. The report stated this was the first time a suspected Internet predator was arrested by the police as a result of
Internet vigilantism.
[48]
In October 2011, "Operation Darknet" was launched as an attempt to cease the activities of child porn sites accessed through hidden services in the
deep web.
[49] Anonymous published in a
pastebin link what it claimed were the user names of 1,589 members of Lolita City, a child porn site accessed via the Tor network. Anonymous said that it had found the site via The Hidden Wiki, and that it contained over 100
gigabytes of child pornography. Anonymous launched a
denial-of-service attack to take Lolita City offline.
[citation needed]
Religious organisations
"Message to Scientology", January 21, 2008
The project was started in response to the Church of Scientology's attempts to remove material from a highly publicized interview with
Scientologist Tom Cruise from the Internet in January 2008. The project was publicly launched in the form of a video posted to
YouTube, "Message to Scientology", on January 21, 2008. The video states that
Anonymous views Scientology's actions as
Internet censorship, and asserts the group's intent to "expel the church from the Internet".
As of early 2011, the organisation has also targeted the
Westboro Baptist Church, releasing several videos on a range of related topics, such as their controversial preaching against
homosexuality. Several attacks have been made on the primary website, one that was even made while
Shirley Phelps-Roper was debating a representative of Anonymous in a televised interview on the
David Pakman show.
LGBT issues
On August 2012 Anonymous hacked into Ugandan government websites in protest of pending homophobic bills. A message stated :
- "Anonymous will continue to target Ugandan government sites and communications until the government of Uganda treats all people including LGBT people equally".[51]
Cyber-attacks and other activities
The group is responsible for cyber-attacks on the
Pentagon, News Corp and has also threatened to destroy
Facebook.
[52]
In October 2011, Anonymous hackers threatened the Mexican drug cartel known as
Los Zetas in an online video after one of their members was kidnapped.
[53]
In late May 2012 alleged Anonymous members claimed responsibility for taking down a GM crops website.
[54]
In early September 2012 alleged Anonymous members claimed responsibility for taking down GoDaddy's Domain Name Servers, affecting small businesses around the globe.
[55]
In mid-September 2012, Anonymous hackers threatened the Hong Kong government organization, known as National Education Centre. In their online video, Anonymous members claimed responsibility for leaking classified related government documents and taking down the National Education Centre website, after the Hong Kong government has repeatedly ignored months of wide-scale protests against the establishment of a new core
Moral and National Education curriculum for children from 6-18 years of age. The new syllabus has come under heavy criticism and international media attention, as it does not award students based on how much factual information is learned, but instead grades and evaluates students based on their level of emotional attachment and approval of the
Communist Party of China, almost in blind brain-washing fashion.
[56]
Impact
Reception
KTTV Fox 11 investigative report on Anonymous.
On July 26, 2007,
Fox affiliate
KTTV in Los Angeles, California aired a report on Anonymous, calling them a group of "
hackers on steroids," "domestic terrorists," and collectively an "Internet hate machine." The report covered an attack on a Myspace user, who claimed to have had his Myspace account "hacked" into seven times by Anonymous, and plastered with images of
gay pornography. The Myspace user also claimed a virus written by Anonymous hackers was sent to him and to ninety friends on his Myspace contact list, crashing thirty-two of his friends' computers. The report featured an unnamed former "hacker" who had fallen out with Anonymous and explained his view of the Anonymous culture. In addition, the report also mentioned "raids" on
Habbo, a "national campaign to spoil the
new Harry Potter book ending," and threats to "
bomb sports stadiums."
[15][57]
The day following the KTTV report,
Wired News blogger and journalist
Ryan Singel derided the report, stating that Fox news service had confused the hacker group with "supremely bored 15-year olds who post obscene pictures" from the English-language
imageboard website
4chan, and that the news report was "by far the funniest prank anyone on the board has ever pulled off."
[58] In February 2008, an Australia-based
Today Tonight broadcast included a segment of the KTTV report, preceded by the statement: "The
Church of Scientology has ramped up the offensive against Anonymous, accusing the group of religious bigotry and claiming they are sick, twisted souls."
[59]
Graham Cluley, a security expert for
Sophos, argued that Anonymous' actions against child porn websites hosted on a
darknet could be counterproductive, commenting that while their intentions appear beneficial, but the removal of illegal websites and sharing networks should be performed by the authorities, rather than Internet vigilantes.
[60]
The English language edition of
Al Jazeera published regular articles on Anonymous and its activism. The journal also ran opinion pieces on the group, sometimes laudatory, describing it as a future form of internet-based social activism:
"This is the future, whether one approves or not, and the failure on the part of governments and media alike to understand, and contend with the rapid change now afoot, ought to remind everyone concerned why it is that this movement is necessary in the first place."
[61]
In January 2008,
Search Engine, a Canadian radio show published by
CBC Radio One, began reporting on Project Chanology. Host Jesse Brown called Anonymous "clowns," citing their lack of coordination, vulgar humor, and pack mentality, and invited them to confront him in person. On February 7, two members of Anonymous appeared on the show, explaining the nature of the group and the genuine criticism they held for Scientology.
[19] After Anonymous held a protest in front of
Scientology compounds around the world on February 10, 2008, Brown admitted that they had "proved me wrong."
[62]
The nature of the protest was unprecedented—picketers wore masks and refused to divulge names—and sparked a follow-up discussion on the show about journalistic standards for source protection, and the meaning of identity. Brown brought the issue to his own workplace, interviewing
CBC's president
Hubert Lacroix in reaction to a conflict between him and an anonymous critic who went by the handle "Ouimet."
[19]
Reaction from law enforcement agencies
Arrests
“ | First, who is this group called Anonymous? Put simply, it is an international cabal of criminal hackers dating back to 2003, who have shut down the websites of the U.S. Department of Justice and the F.B.I. They have hacked into the phone lines of Scotland Yard. They are responsible for attacks against MasterCard, Visa, Sony and the Governments of the U.S., U.K., Turkey, Australia, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Iran, Chile, Colombia and New Zealand. | ” |
|
In December 2010, the Dutch police arrested a 16-year old for cyberattacks against Visa, MasterCard and PayPal in conjunction with Anonymous' DDOS attacks against companies opposing Wikileaks.
[64]
In January 2011, the
FBI issued more than 40 search warrants in a probe against the Anonymous attacks on companies that opposed Wikileaks. The FBI did not issue any arrest warrants, but issued a statement that participating in DDOS attacks is a criminal offense with a sentence of up to 10 years in prison.
[65][66]
In January 2011, the British police arrested five male suspects between the ages of 15 and 26 with suspicion of participating in Anonymous DDOS attacks.
[67]
Matthew George, a
Newcastle, New South Wales resident, concerned with forthcoming Australian internet filtration legislation, was arrested for his participation in Anonymous DDOS activities. George participated in Anonymous IRC discussions, and allowed his computer to be used in a denial of service attack associated with
Operation Titstorm. Tracked down by authorities, he was fined $550, though he was not fully aware that his actions were illegal, and believed his participation in Operation Titstorm had been a legal form of civil protest. His experience left him disillusioned with the potential of online anonymity, warning others: "There is no way to hide on the internet, no matter how hard you cover your tracks you can get caught. You're not invincible."
[68]
On June 10, 2011, the
Spanish police captured three purported members of Anonymous in the cities of
Gijon, Barcelona and
Valencia. The operation deactivated the main server from which the three men coordinated DDoS attacks. This particular group had made attacks on the web servers of the PlayStation Store,
BBVA,
Bankia, and the websites of the governments of Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Iran, Chile, Colombia and New Zealand. The operation revealed that their structure consisted of "cells" which at any given time could coordinate attacks through the downloading of software; the decision-making process to attack occurred in
chat rooms. The Spanish national police stated that this operation corresponds to the fact that the Spanish government and
NATO considers this group of hackers a threat to national security.
[69]
On June 13, 2011, officials in Turkey arrested 32 individuals that were allegedly involved in DDoS attacks on Turkish government websites. These members of Anonymous were captured in different cities of Turkey including
Istanbul and
Ankara. According to PC Magazine these individuals were arrested after they attacked these websites as a response to the Turkish government demand to ISPs to implement a system of filters that many have perceived as censorship.
[70][71]
During July 19–20, 2011, as many as 20 or more arrests were made of suspected Anonymous hackers in the US, UK, and Netherlands following the 2010 Operation Avenge Assange in which the group attacked PayPal, as well as attacking MasterCard and Visa after they froze Wikileaks accounts. According to US officials statements suspects' homes were raided and suspects were arrested in Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Washington DC, Florida, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, and Ohio, as well as a 16 year old boy being held by the police in south London on suspicion of breaching the Computer Misuse Act 1990, and four being held in the Netherlands.
[72][73][74][75]
On February 28, 2012, Interpol issued warrants for the arrests of 25 people with suspected links to Anonymous, according to a statement from the international police agency. The suspects, between the ages of 17 and 40, were all arrested.
[76]
On September 12, 2012; Anonymous spokesman Barrett Brown was arrested at his home in
Dallas on charges of threatening an FBI agent. Agents arrested Brown while he was in the middle of a
Tinychat session.
[77]
Fear of retaliation
On January 28, 2012 American media outlet the
Wall Street Journal claimed US law enforcement officers are concerned about cyber-retaliation attacks by the group. The US has been investigating
WikiLeaks founder
Julian Assange, although no charges have been filed and his legal team say the US has no jurisdiction, as the Australian citizen has committed no crimes on U.S. soil. The concern was caused by suspicion that Anonymous was involved in retaliatory attacks. A prosecutor in the investigation faced so many personal intrusions that colleagues became concerned about the possibility of bodily harm, according to journalist Devlin Barrett, who explained the Department of Justice was acting unusually by suppressing the names of officials in public statements to the press, but not in court documents. Mr Barrett said there was debate within the Department of Justice and the FBI over the release of names of officials working on the Megaupload case.
[78